Diaspora by Vijay Mishra in Diasporic Imaginary 

The Literature of the Indian Diaspora 

Vijay Mishra in Diaspora Imaginary, chapter from his much debated text The Literature of the Indian diaspora focuses on the nature of Indian diaspora and the role of imagination in constituting the diasporic imaginary. Mishra deals with the idea of 'home' and 'homelands' by the memories of the diasporic experiences and a longing for returning home. The history of his shared past and memories cannot be erased from the mind of a diaspora community. Mishra focuses on the psychopathology aspects of diasporic experiences. He uses the term emergenery in its lacanian sense to mean that the homelands in the mind of an immigrant is a fantasy and a nation thing. The word 'imaginary' reminds us of Salman Rushdie's Imaginary Homelands (1992).

According to Vijay Mishra, all the diasporic people are unhappy because they are neither satisfied with their singular identity (non hyphenated identity) nor with their diasporic identity (hyfenated). They want to immigrate and at the same time longing for returning to their motherlands. They are in a flux. They suffer the fear of schiophonia that is the loss of the original communal identity and acquiring of a new communal identity. Vijay Mishra focuses on the distinguishing between the old and the new Indian diasporic people. The primary difference is the difference of the historical conditions that produces them. The old Indian produces against the background of colonization. The immigrants then tried to preserve the imagination of their homeland by the socio-cultural icons such as ganesh idol, copy of the Ramayan and old saree or other desi outfit, a photograph of an pilgrimage etc. In the age of postmodern and globalisation, homeland is now available in one's bedroom the electronic communication system has taken the mastery. Imagination places a secondary imagination in a new dimensional way.

When the longing for homecoming is not fulfilled, the homeland exists in the minds of the diasporas as an absence and the fact is that the diasporic experience reproduces an additional diasporic imaginaries such as the ocean of the communal utopias.

Diasporic Literature 

What is Diaspora?

Diaspora is a term used to describe the dispersion or scattering of a particular group of people, usually referring to a community that has been forced to leave its homeland due to political, economic, or social factors. The term is commonly used to refer to groups of people who share a common cultural or ethnic identity, such as African diaspora, Jewish diaspora, or Indian diaspora.

The term diaspora can also refer to the community of people who have migrated from their homeland to other parts of the world, often forming new communities that are connected to their original culture and traditions. These communities may maintain close ties with their homeland and often face challenges related to their identity and sense of belonging in their new surroundings.

Diaspora can also refer to the cultural and social movements that emerge from these dispersed communities, such as the development of new art, music, literature, and other forms of cultural expression. The term diaspora is often used in academic and cultural studies to explore the experiences and impact of diasporic communities on the world at large

 

Diaspora in Diaspora Imaginary 

In Vijay Mishra's book "The Diaspora Imaginary: Theorizing the Indian Diaspora," diaspora is defined as an imaginary construct that reflects the experiences of displacement, longing, and cultural hybridity that are common to many migrant communities. Mishra argues that diaspora is not simply a physical phenomenon, but also a cultural and imaginative one, shaped by the memories, aspirations, and cultural practices of displaced communities.

Mishra suggests that the diaspora imaginary is characterized by three key elements:

Disjuncture:-

Diaspora communities are often separated from their homeland and are forced to navigate new social, cultural, and political environments. This experience of disjuncture creates a sense of fragmentation and dislocation that shapes the diaspora imaginary.

Hybridity: 

Diaspora communities often exist in a state of cultural hybridity, where they must negotiate and blend their original cultural identity with the cultures and practices of their new surroundings. This experience of hybridity shapes the diaspora imaginary, which is marked by a sense of cultural diversity and multiplicity.

Longing: 

Diaspora communities often experience a profound sense of longing for their homeland, their cultural traditions, and their sense of identity. This sense of longing is an important aspect of the diaspora imaginary, as it reflects the emotional and psychological impact of displacement and cultural dislocation.

Overall, Mishra's concept of the diaspora imaginary is a way of understanding the cultural and imaginative aspects of diaspora communities, as well as the ways in which these communities navigate the challenges and opportunities of displacement and cultural hybridity. 

What is Nation?

Nation state is a type of state in which the cultural entity of a nation has become its political entity. In other words, in a nation state, the citizens have one nation identity cultural and linguistic homogeneity. for example in China 92% of the population is Han, in Bangladesh 98% of the population is Bengalee. The United Kingdom is an unusual example of nation state. 

The diasporic subjects, according to Mishra, are those who fear the communal  schizophonia and therefore depend on the diasporic imaginary. The diaspora communities are always haunted by the ghosts of the past and the nostalgic memories of this homeland. The formerly used to preserve the memories of home by preserving some cultural icons is a symbol of homeland attraction of the migrated people. In the postmodern context, that diasporic imaginary takes less crucial rule than what the diasporic people did in the past. In the age of hyper mobility and globalisation, diasporas are celebrated. A diasporic subject is always conscious in its ethnic identity. The national imaginary exists only as the unitary principles. One thinks in terms of one's racial, cultural and ethnic identity. The homing desire makes the diasporic imaginary crucial in forming communal solitary. For the Jews, the notion of Desh and homeland are quite different. The place they left for another one was their immediate homeland. As a result, their nationalism was diasporic nationalism. 

Impossible Mourning :-

In the introductory chapter of "Diasporic Imaginary", Vijay Mishra argues that the lost object 'homeland' assumes a fantastic form and impossible mourning for the loss of homeland. To illustrate he takes cue from Sigmund Freud to Derrida. Freud in his 1917 essay 'Mourning and Melancholia' argues that mourning is a conscious act. The mind can define lost object and the libido shifts from lost object to something else. Mourning emerges with the ego but Melancholia is a pathological condition. Sometimes we fail to define the loss of the object. As a result, the loss hangs on our unconscious like a shadow. Derrida by "Impossible Mourning" suggests that mourning is impossible simply because in mourning, the lost object is never present. As a result, the absence for the memory requires a play of absence. 

According to Vijay Mishra, diasporic mourning is impossible and it always turns to Melancholia. For the diasporic people, the 'desh' or homeland is always irreplaceable. The diasporic people do not want to replace their Homelands with the land of imagination (Videsh). They do not abide by the dictates of reason. They romanticize the lost homeland, otherwise the purity of the lost object will be lost.

Gender politics as a Literary Theory by Judith Butler 

Gender politics in Judith Butler's Book Gender Trouble

Judith Butler's path breaking book Gender Trouble heralded a new introspection into the notion of gender identity. In her preface to the Gender Troubles, after ten years of success of the book, she in a new way, produces theory and a brief note on gender and subjectivity. Butler introduces or takes up feminism concerned with women and feels an element of emancipation on lurking in the very concern of the subject of women. The very question arises who is this woman and what is it that actually makes a woman. If feminism's basic notion is taken into concern, a woman is necessary to be a female and the one who has been marginalised and oppressed by patriarchy. Judith Butler claims that there is essential bias in feminism concerned with a dual factor with 'man and woman' having through obliteration and the third factor that is the 'others.' Butler considers this stance taken as the feminism and another form of exploitation whereas the third factor is recognised at all. Feminism's concern with women as the second sex or the second gender, too is not very appropriate. 

Gender Politics as a Literary Theory by Judith Butler 

Gender politics and Gender Trouble

Regarding this dichotomy between male and female, Butler claims that unlike in the statements that one is born with sex but assumes a gender because gender is culturally constructed. Judith Butler states that sex, too is culturally constructed. Like the gender, sex, according to her, is that factor which counts out of representation. According to her, sex does not precede identity, instead it is one's urge to be identified in a particular way. Sexuality is cultured for it is how a person identifies oneself. The moment a person is born, the space with surrounded of a being in forms the way with its identity. Here the first factor becomes the seats which signifies the biological aspect which gain the significance of maleness and femaleness. Here Butler provides an example in a manner that in case of a lesbian relationship when two women start a family of their own and move up on parenting, then one behaves like a dad and the other as mom. Here he shows how subject and adhere implication not to a particular gender but for his identification. Butler takes up this process of representation and this urge that any of the two poles of sexual identification privilege heterosexuality (predominantly taken to be normative.) 

Performance is very powerful act and the understanding of Butler has myth of identification, especially on dimension of sexuality. we are exactly what we wish to be. This thought brings zizek's notion whereby we believe that we look at the mirror but the image that we look at is actually what we form in our mind. Hear it must be said that this performance is not thoroughly what the person performed but the identity gets its 'reception'.

Gender politics

Gender politics refers to the political and social issues related to gender, particularly the ways in which gender shapes and is shaped by political and social structures, policies, and attitudes. This can include topics such as gender inequality, gender-based violence, reproductive rights, gender identity and expression, and discrimination based on gender.

Gender politics can play out in various spheres of life, including the workplace, education, healthcare, media, and government. It can also intersect with other social and political issues such as race, sexuality, and class.

There are different perspectives on gender politics, with some advocating for greater equality and recognition of gender diversity, and others pushing back against these changes. Debates and discussions around gender politics can be contentious, but they are important for promoting understanding and progress towards a more equitable and inclusive society.

Gender as Performative act

Butler's theory doesn't accept as stable and coherent, gender identity. According to Butler in Gender Trouble,  Gender is "a stylized repetition of acts... which are internally discontinuous... so that the appearance of substance is precious that a constructed identity, a performative accomplishment which the mundane social audience including the actors themselves, come to believe and perform in the mode of belief". To say that Gender is performative and gender is "the real only to the extent that it is performed." Butler argues that "the act that one does, the act that one performs is, in a sense, an act that has been going on before one arrived on the scene." [Gender Trouble] Butler criticizes that one of the central assumptions of feminist theory is that there exists an identity and a subject that requires representation in politics and language.

Judith Butler in an attempt to break free from your traditionally construct identity makes cope for legitimising minority expression and behavioural practices. Heterosexuality, in a  normative form, was done in a way and she questioned the framework of The Identity of the gender function. Her study itself based on psychological criticism, poststructural criticism, monolithic structure of society and gender. Gender is basically one certain to reach into 'a desirous status'. However Butler believes within gender can be coursed with reorienting normative sexuality at whole. But there should be a scope for cohabitation for different sexual practices and gender bending in discourse. 

Traditional Feminism and Butler's Philosophy 

Examining the work of the philosophers Simone de Beauvoir and Lui Irigaray, Butler explores the relationship between power and categories of sex and gender. For Beauvoir, women constitute lack against which main established their identity; for Irigaray, these dialectics belongs to 'signifying economy' that excludes the representation of women alltogether because it employs phallocentric language. Simone de Beauvoir's primary argument is that one is not born as a woman. It is society as a whole that produced the second sex. Motherhood leaves a woman helpless like an animal and make it possible for a man to dominate her. Both assume that there exists a female 'self identical being' in the need of representation and their argument hide the impossibility of being 'a gender' at all. Butler argues that gender is a performative act. In this way, Butler provides an opening for submersive action. A woman is not allowed to be brought up with the same freedom equality as a man does. Butler provides that in a lesbian relationship, one performs as a dad and another as mom, or one as Butch and another Femme. Butler argues that the false distinction introduces a split into the supposedly unified subject. Sexed bodies can not be signified without gender and the apparent existence of sex prior to discourse and cultural imposition is only an affect on the function of Gender.

 Carnivalesque by Mikhail Bakhtin

Carnivalesque by Mikhail Bakhtin as a Literary Theory 

Mikhail Bakhtin first coined the term'Carnivalesque'. The source of this term is Dostoevsky's Problems of Poetics and In Rabelis and his world. The term 'Carnivalesque' is used to refer to a particular literary mode that liberates the assumptions and dominant style of atmosphere to humour and chaos.

 Carnivalesque is related to feast of fools. It is a medieval festival held around the first of January consisting with the feast of circumcision where the performance of burlesques of the sacred ceremony was ensured. Bakhtin relates the Carnivalesque with a dialogue of Socrates and the legacy of menippean satire which the history of the serio-comic is derived. Carnival is a profane but burlesque is a grotesque.

 Through this term, we find that the term carnival means fair. The social hierarchy does not function. This is used in the novels and poems by Dostoevsky, a novelist. In Rabelis and his world, Mikhail Bakhtin finds this thing. Death is the greatest Carnivalesque where Social hierarchy does not function.

Mikhail Bakhtin's Four categories of Carnival 

Feast of Fools:- 

Feast of Fools is first originated in French cathedrian. In the USA, it is associated with the festival of Mardigras which is a catholic revolution traditionally festive drivers take place bhakti in refuses to compare the modern day Mardi grass festival with the mediaeval carnival because is basically is spectacle. But the medieval carnival was a powerful creative event involving most participant. Bakhtin makes this word in the Rabelai and his world.

 Carnival is a social discourse. Discourse is a whole modality of expression. In the case of carnival, quotidian  social hierarchies are dismentated and official solemnities and official etiquette is profaned. Instinct suppressed voices are brought to the forefront. In the case, fools become wise, king becomes begger. These heavenly become hellish  and the boundary between fact and fiction collapses. In that case, whatever is maintained in terms of sociology and considered highly opposite because hierarchy collapses the carnival. 

Bakhtin's Four categories of Carnival:-  

The Carnivalesque categories of the world are given below -

1) Familiar and free interaction between people:

carnival brings together people of diverse background and United them. It also encourages the unity of different classes of people.

2) Eccentric Behaviour:

This carnival emphasizes eccentric behaviour and it reveals one's natural attitude because unexpectable behaviour is welcomed before carnival. In other words, one's natural behaviour can be revealed without consequences.

3) Carnivalestic Misalliances:- 

the free and familiar attitude of the carnival enables everything which is normally seperated to connect - the sacred with the profane, the new and the old, the sacred with the profane.

4) Sacrilegious:- 

something which can cross the religious boundary. For Bakhtin, carnival was absolved of the need of punishment and sensual ritualistic performances were given the nod of consent.

Bakhtin states that carnival is confined in time, not in space. The carnival for Bakhtin is an event in which all rules, inhibitions, restrictions and regulations which determine the course of everyday life are suspended, and especially all form of hierarchy in society.

 Russian Formalism 

What is Russian Formalism?

Russian formalism is a school of literary criticism popular in Russia from 1910s to 1930s. The exponents of Russian formalism are victor Shklovsky, Roman Jacobson, Gregory Gukovsky, Boris Eickenbaum, Vladimir Propp. The term 'Russian Formalism' was first coined by the adversaries of the movement. 'Formalism' has come from 'ism' (theory) of form. It means the study of literary form. Viktor Shklovsky, Roman Jacobson revolustionized the literary criticism in Russia between 1914s and 1930s by establishing the specificity and autonomy of poetic language and literature. Russian formalism is distinctive for its emphasis on the functional role of literary devices and its original conception of literary history. Russian Formalists advocated a "scientific" method for studying poetic language, to the exclusion of traditional psychological and cultural-historical approaches. 

Russian Formalism exerted a major influence on thinkers like Mikhail Bakhtin and Yuri Lotman. According to Russian formalists, form is more important than the content (subject matter). Technique is more important than the subject matter. The use of technique in fiction and plays is more important than the theme of the plays or fictions. The battle of cry of Russian formalism was to delimit the literary scholarship from other disciples. The formalists focus on literariness of a text. 

Also Read:

Carnivalesque

What is Automalization? 

Automalization is the use of traditional techniques. It means that a traditional technique is used in novels and plays. That's why, a traditional technique is very common in all kinds of poetry and fictions.

What is Defamiliarization?

Viktor Shklovsky used the term in 'Art as Device'. Defamiliarization is the technique where familiar things are strange to us. If any familiar things become very difficult or unconventional, then it would be expected to be able for a good success.

Russian Formalism as a Literary Theory 

What is Laying Bare?

The formation of literature is hidden from the products the literary techniques are visible to readers we find the family are techniques in Bertolt Brechet's drama Mother Courage. Then the audience becomes concers of the message when a novel is different from others then the audience would focus on the novel.

What is Motif ?

Moti piece the smallest unit of literary text. In James Joyce's Arabia and J.M. Synge's Riders to the Sea, there are so many elements of motif. There are two types of motif - Bound Motif and Free Motif.

1) Bound Motif:-

Bound Motif is a motif that has a purpose. We see in J.M. Synge's Riders to the Sea that Bartley is going to the Galway Fair. Bartley and Galway Fair are the Bound motifs. Here is a purpose of giving these two names.

2) Free Motif:- 

Free Motif is not demanded by the text. The things or matters do not have any necessary in text. In many plays and novels there are many scenes that are interpolated and unnecessary. This is free Motif.

What is plot and story?

Plot (Mythos/Suzhet):- 

plot is the arrangement of incidents. In a drama, there are so many plots where incidents are sequentially arranged as the story goes forward. According to Aristotle, plot consists of free motives.

Story (Fabula):- 

Story is the raw material of a plot. A story goes with the demands of the necessary plot.

What is Carnivalesque?

Mikhail Bakhtin first coined the term'Carnivalesque'. The source of this term is Dostoevsky's Problems of Poetics and In Rabelis and his world. The term 'Carnivalesque' is used to refer to a particular literary mode that liberates the assumptions and dominant style of atmosphere to humour and chaos. Carnivalisk is related to feast of fools. It is a medieval festival held around the first of January consisting with the feast of circumcision where the performance of burlesques of the sacred ceremony was ensured. Through this term we find that the term carnival means fair. The social hierarchy does not function. This is used in the novels and poems by Dostoevsky, a novelist. In Rabelis and his world, Mikhail Bakhtin finds this thing. Death is the greatest Carnivalesque where Social hierarchy does not function.

Read in detail about Carnivalesque.

What is Chronotope?

Heteroglossey and chronotope are dealt with dialogic imagination. chronotope is the relation between the time and space. Everything exists within time and space. The chronotope between time and space are internally represented in language. According to Bhaktin, for the analysis of language, the ratio is the characteristic of the temporal and passional representation that language should be analysed. Time becomes the character and space becomes a background. The primary category of chronotope is time. The time and space are interrelated.

What is polyphony? 

Polyphony means 'multiple perspectives'. polyphony is the ingredient of dialogue and element of biology exam these are depicted with different point of view. In post modernist plays, novels and poems, there are polyphony.

What is Dialogism?

By dialogism backed means biologyic word that beards biology relation with other words of literature and other authors. In linguistics, dialogue is a means biologic relation of languages. According to Bhaktin, every language is used in dialogism. The use of language in such a way in which the characters and narrators are different they have their different will.

What is collective unconsciousness?

Carl Jung has coined and defined the term 'Collective unconsciousness'. It is a seat of primal memories to the human trees existing below each persons conscious mind.

The movie Avatar as a postcolonial study 

The movie Avatar as a postcolonial study

Avatar is a 2009 science fiction movie and it can be studied from postcolonial perspective. Avatar movie shows how humans who are supposed to be more powerful than the native people are trying to colonize the Navi people. The movie Avatar as a postcolonial study is profoundly holding the subjective form of colonization. The native who are colonized or have been colonized are still being dominated and manipulated through neo-colonization and neo-capitalisation.

The movie Avatar as a Postcolonial study 

Oscar awarded movie

Avatar movie plot overview

In 2154, the natural resources of the Earth have been depleted. The Resources Development Administration (RDA) mines the valuable mineral unobtanium on Pandora, a moon in the Alpha Centauri star system. The Na'vi people, 10-foot-tall, blue-skinned, sapient humanoids inhabit in Pandora whose atmosphere is gaseous. They live in happy harmony with nature. To explore Pandora, genetically matched human scientists use Na'vi-human hybrids called "avatars". Jake Sully who is a paraplegic marine is sent to Pandora to replace his deceased identical twin, who had signed up to be an operator. Avatar Program head Dr. Grace considers jake Sully incapable but accepts him as a bodyguard.

While escorting the avatars of Grace and Dr. Norm Spellman, Jake's avatar is attacked by Pandoran wildlife and he flees into the forest, where he is rescued by female Na'vi Neytiri, the heroine of the movie. Witnessing an auspicious sign, she takes him to her clan. Neytiri's mother Mo'at, the spiritual leader of the clan, orders her daughter to initiate Jake into their society. Colonel Miles Quaritch, head of RDA's security force, promises Jake that the company will restore the use of his legs if he provides information about the Na'vi and their gathering place, the giant Hometree, under which is a rich deposit of unobtanium. Learning of this, Grace transfers herself, Jake, and Norm to an outpost. Jake and Neytiri fall in love as Jake is initiated into the tribe. He and Neytiri choose each other as mates. When Jake attempts to disable a bulldozer which is threatening a sacred Na'vi site, Administrator Parker Selfridge orders Hometree destroyed. Despite Grace's argument that destroying Hometree could damage Pandora's biological neural network, Selfridge gives Jake and Grace one hour to convince the Na'vi to evacuate.

Jake confesses that he was a spy and the Na'vi take him and Grace captive. Quaritch's men destroy Hometree, killing many including Neytiri's father, the clan chief. Mo'at frees Jake and Grace, but they are detached from their avatars and imprisoned by Quaritch's forces. Pilot Trudy Chacón, disgusted by Quaritch's brutality, airlifts Jake, Grace, and Norm to Grace's outpost. Grace is shot during the escape. Jake regains the Na'vi's trust by connecting his mind to that of Toruk, a dragon-like creature feared and revered by the Na'vi. At the sacred Tree of Souls, Jake pleads with Mo'at to heal Grace. The clan attempts to transfer Grace into her avatar with the aid of the Tree of Souls but she dies. Supported by new chief Tsu'tey, Jake unites the clan, telling them to gather all the clans to battle the RDA. Quaritch organizes a strike against the Tree of Souls to demoralize the Na'vi. Jake prays to Na'vi deity Eywa via a neural connection with the Tree of Souls. Tsu'tey and Trudy are among the battle's heavy casualties.

The Na'vi are rescued when Pandoran wildlife unexpectedly join the attack and overwhelm the humans, which Neytiri interprets as Eywa answering Jake's prayer. Quaritch, wearing an AMP suit, escapes his crashed aircraft and breaks open the avatar link unit containing Jake's human body, exposing it to Pandora's poisonous atmosphere. As Quaritch prepares to slit Jake's avatar's throat, he is killed by Neytiri who saves Jake from suffocation, seeing his human form for the first time. With the exceptions of Jake, Norm, and a select few others, all humans are expelled from Pandora. Jake is permanently transferred into his avatar with the aid of the Tree of Souls.

Jake sully's Avatar and Navi woman Neytiri

Avatar can be studied as a postcolonial text

Avatar is a 2009 Oscar awarded Hollywood science fiction film. It took tremendous success because of its various dimensions from the perspective of postcolonialism and posthumanism. The term 'Avatar' has two connotations. In Bengali, the word avatar means a figure that is God's decent on earth as incarnation and the another meaning is that a creature that is completely different in characteristic traits, strange behaviour from rest of the society. The meanings of the word 'Avatar' reflect the re-examination on the postcolonial theory and its application to analyse the film in the era of Globalisation and multicultural politics. The essence of the film focuses on the identity Navi people who remain close to the native land and they are forced to be evicted from their land identity. The film hero Jake Sulley, a paraplegic marine takes the form of Avatar to be befriended with the Navi people. The critical lenses of postcolonial theory focuses on understanding how the mechanism of subject-production hs changed the geo-political present compared to the colonial past. The outsiders who come here learn from the natives (their lifestyle, culture, behaviour, customs, their way of living and so on). This colonial resistance is shown in the film. The clones are sent to the Navi people to teach them to be civilized. They are taught that humans are strong and civilized. The ethnic recognition or native recognition emphasizes the Navi people's way of living and culture. The third world postcolonialism is restructured and grouped in European enlightenment epistemology. This hollywood movie holds the epitome of the postcolonial essence. The postcolonial and the post humanistic elements are mingled in a new postmodern version where human dominated themes are emphasized. Excessive greed of humans on material by remaining disconnected to nature is pointed out in a broad sense.

Career after B.A. & M.A. in English

 Career after B.A. & M.A. in English 

Career after B.A. & M.A. in English 

      We all are very concerned about our career after graduation and post-graduation. We find our growth in our specific field. Sometimes we don't find any growth in our career life. We cannot achieve our targets. But the fact is that there are so many career opportunities after B.A. and M.A. English. Here we shall inform those people who are doing masters or have completed master degree in English Subject. Here are some ways through which they can conquer their desired goal.

Focus on study as much as you can

1) Academic Goal:-

After pursuing Bachelor and master degree, we can go for two things- B.ed or UGC NET exam.

 Here is given the link of UGC NET

UGC NET EXAM

(i) After pursuing M.A. degree with 55% marks or  CGPA 6.0 out of 10 (For UR and GEN-EWS category) and for other category 50% , One can  the UGC NET exam.

(ii) UGC NET Exam is now being conducted by NTA. This exam is conducted twice a year. From the year 2020, it is conducted once a year in a merged cycle. They make students qualify approximately 6% out of the total number of appeared students. And only 1% is recognised as qualified for NET-JRF.

(iii) After qualifying this NET Exam, one can try for Research. Those who qualified for JRF will get 32000/- in the first two years then 35000/- in the rest of the years. Those who qualified only NET exam can get a state fellowship of the amount 8000 per month.

(iv)One does not need to go for University RET (Research Eligibility Test)exam. One has to attend the interview only. 

(v) If anyone wants to get PhD from institutes like IITs, NITs, ISSERs, NISERs etc., S/he must attend for written exam followed by an interview and would get JRF equivalent fellowship.

B.Ed Degree (Bachelor of Education)

(i) B.ed degree is for those who have a keen interest for teaching in government and private and in institutions. Even one can open one's own institution for coaching students.

(ii) After B.A. or M.A., one can take admission in B.ed college for teaching.

(iii) B.ed is a two year degree course. There are four semesters in these two years. After B.ed, one can give exams in various states in India. Interested candidates can attend interviews of private schools and teach students. There are both government and private opportunities. One can secure one's own future. Even one PhD scholar can do govt. and private jobs by becoming a partime research scholar.

(iv) One can go for central government schools like NVS,KVS and state government schools. Without B.ed one can not give CTET Exam or any kind of teaching related exams.

To get detailed information about CTET Exam, you can go through the link given Here

2) Mass Media and Journalism :-

(i) The activity of gathering, assessing, formulating, creating and presenting news items and information is the work of a journalist. Mass media functions to spread news to a large audience through various channels.

(ii) If you have a good speaking and writing skill, you can choose the way of mass media and can become a journalist.

(iii) This can be a good way of career building opportunity.

3) Content writer:-

(i) To be a content writer, one needs to have a good writing skill. One needs to be a very imaginative person.

(ii) The aspirants who are very introvert can grow up their skill here.

(iii) There are many companies and institutions where they want people who are good in making various contents and have a good writing skill.

4) Blogging:-

(i) A blog is an online diary in which an individual records and publishes his/her thoughts on one or more subjects. A blog can contain news items, short essays, annotated links, documents, graphics and multimedia. These posts are usually in reverse chronological order and often take the form of a journal or diary. Blogger means that someone who writes regularly.

(ii) We know this is the age of internet. Many people who have a good writing skill and have different kinds of thoughts to make something new can become blogger by making various contents on blog and earn a lot of money.

(iii)  Nowadays blogging career is a good opportunity to make one's career different. It not only helps in making our skills but also builds our career and livelihood better.

(iv) Even in our student life, many aspirants and struggle make a good career goal. One can follow one's own passionate goal. If one loves to write on making notes for children, one can do that in blog. It would become helpful for them who don't get help from others.

   It's needless to say that B.A. or M.A. in English is a good career opportunity. We all beings are unique and we all have unique qualities. We need to understand what makes us reach towards our career goal. We have to be very passionate and dedicated about our career. Career opportunity is a personal choice to each person. Here are given above the career opportunities through which anyone can understand how we can achieve our career goal.

The fear of being haunted

The fear of being Haunted

The fear of being haunted 

Haunt is an unparalleled fear that continues its own state of belongingness. We become afraid of carrying an untouchable presence in the form of absence. A continuous fear of getting Haunted creates a ghost like appearance inside our mind in a disappeared form. What haunts us is something that seeks its own disappearence. Haunt is an unspeakable visitation that emblems an unbearable icon of disappearence. We demand to exorcise the unwanted spirit that has created a possession inside our mind.

What haunts us seeks its own disappearence.

No path is haunted. It's our inner thought that makes us haunted.

Why do we feel haunted?

   The fear of Ghost like thinking or the fear of haunted mind is the measure of absence. Haunted makes a completely doubtful stage between an unreal design and non existence. The moment we feel haunted we force ourselves to put in a gathering encounter only to avoid our afraidness. Different kinds of supernatural ideals or thinking come to our mind to feel the gap of unmundane fear. When we suffer an internal phobia of having a ghost, we look at the mirror to see ourselves. We locate ourselves for our mistakes what we did till that time and try to console ourselves of never doing mistakes anymore. But the fact is that what leads us towards our haunted like feeling is our subconsciousness. This fear possesses both subconscious and unconscious mind. This fear can be eradicated only when we avoid thinking of being alone and keep ourselves busy in our conscious mind. We need not synthesize any negativity related to ghost like haunted feeling.

Feeling haunted, or experiencing a sense of fear, unease, or discomfort due to a perceived presence or memory of something unsettling or distressing, can be influenced by various factors, including:

 1) Past traumatic experiences: 

Individuals who have experienced trauma, such as abuse, violence, or loss, may feel haunted by the memories or emotions associated with those experiences. Traumatic memories can be intrusive and persistent, leading to distressing thoughts, nightmares, or flashbacks that can create a sense of being haunted by the past.

 2) Unresolved emotions: 

Unresolved emotions, such as grief, guilt, or regret, can also contribute to feeling haunted. When emotions related to a past event or experience are not fully processed or acknowledged, they can linger and manifest as a haunting sensation, impacting an individual's emotional well-being.

 3) Psychological factors: 

Psychological factors, such as anxiety, depression, or other mental health conditions, can influence the experience of feeling haunted. These conditions can affect an individual's perception, emotions, and thoughts, leading to a heightened sense of fear, unease, or distress.

 4) Belief in the supernatural: 

Some individuals may attribute the feeling of being haunted to a belief in the supernatural or paranormal phenomena, such as ghosts, spirits, or other supernatural beings. Cultural, religious, or personal beliefs can shape an individual's perception and interpretation of their experiences, leading to a sense of being haunted by supernatural entities.

 5) Environmental triggers: 

Environmental triggers, such as being in a location associated with a past traumatic event, or encountering familiar objects or symbols related to distressing memories, can evoke feelings of being haunted. These triggers can activate memories and emotions associated with the past, leading to a sense of unease or discomfort.

 6) Imagination and perception: 

Human imagination and perception can play a role in feeling haunted. Our minds can create vivid and compelling images or sensations, and our perception can be influenced by various factors, such as stress, fatigue, or heightened emotional states, which can contribute to a feeling of being haunted even in the absence of any actual external presence or threat.

It's important to note that feeling haunted is a subjective experience and can vary greatly from person to person. If you are experiencing distress or discomfort related to feeling haunted, it may be helpful to seek support from a trusted friend, family member, or mental health professional to better understand and manage these emotions

 

How is the feeling of being haunted created?

  In our holidays, we read many haunted stories, watch haunted movies, serials etc. After reading and watching those haunted stories or movies, our brain gets filled with the haunted thoughts. We suddenly get feared when we stay at home alone. For example, when we go through the forest in the evening time, we get afraid of the sounds of carnivorous and omnivorous animals. This haunt creates a stigma mark on our mind. Each and every person has a stigma incident in his life that creates a haunted thought.

 

Being haunted is necessary in the context of fearfulness. Many people get scared of haunted movies, pictures, icons and so many things. We read novels of ghost Stories, gothic fictional books, haunted palace stories.

How can we  out of haunted thoughts?

Being haunted is a psychological thought. Each one needs to face it.

1) Being haunted is a mental state where we imagine something like ghost in the form of disappearance. For example when you go to the bed at night after watching a Haunted movie, it seems to us that there is something under the bed but when we will look at the below portion of a bed, there's nothing.

2) The fear of being haunted depends on how many times we face a Haunted situation. The moment we first watch a Haunted movie we become fearful but at the next moment when we see another movie our fear becomes less than the previous one.

3) The thought is very important because the fear of being haunted depends on how we are thinking and how we are taking the things that make us feel scared of.

4) we have so many superstitious thoughts that makes us feel fearful of the forth coming situations. To get rid of these things, we need to make us very practical and pragmatic. We should be out of this superstitious thoughts which are actually meaningless.

5) The fear of being Haunted is a momentary thought. It comes in a moment when we think about something fearful.

  For example, in a gloomy and darkened weather, people are getting Haunted and keep hope for the next day's rising 🌞 sun.

The moment we feel the fear of being haunted, we try to go through the situation that makes us feel haunted. It comes in our mind in a spontaneous way. 

UPSC Notification 2022

 

UPSC Notification 2022, UPSC Exam Syllabus & Recruitment, Age, Eligibility Criteria, Vacancy, Final Results, @https://www.upsc.gov.in/

UPSC Notification 2022 - UPSC Recruitment - Age - Eligibility - Apply Online - Admit Cards - Written Results - Interviews - Final Results.

 

Union Public Service Commission 

What is UPSC Exam?

UPSC Exam is a national level competitive exam administered by union public service commission. UPSC i.e. Union Public Service Commission has released the notification for Recruitment to higher civil services of the government of India. Civil service exam (CSE) is one of the toughest exams  in the country. Aspirants from different academic disciplines go to great lengths to take preparation for and succeed in the UPSC examination.

 When do we get UPSC Notification?

Generally UPSC Notification comes either in the month of February or March. UPSC Notification 2022 has been released in February. The Preliminary exam is held in May. Approximately after 3 or 4 months of the priliminary exam, there is main exam. Then the board members of UPSC conduct Interviews for the qualified students.

Details of UPSC Examination --

This exam is conducted in three phrases - 1) Prelimanary Examination 2) Main Examination & 3) Personality Test (Interview). Prelims i.e. Preliminary Examination contains two objective-type papers- general studies-I & General studies-II.

 

UPSC CSE Preliminary Examination Pattern

S.No.	Paper	No. of Questions	Total Marks	Duration
1	General Studies Paper I	100	200	2 hours
2	General Studies Paper II (CSAT)	80	200

 

UPSC CSE Main Exam Pattern

UPSC CSE Main Exam Pattern
S.No.	Name of the Paper	Subject	Total Marks
1	Paper A	Indian Language	300
2	Paper B	English	300
3	Paper I	Essay	250
4	Paper II	General Studies I	250
5	Paper III	General Studies II	250
6	Paper IV	General Studies III	250
7	Paper V	General Studies IV	250
8	Paper VI	Optional I	250
9	Paper VII	Optional II	250

 

Eligibility Criteria  --

Nationality :-

• For the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), the Indian Police Service (IPS) and the Indian Foreign Service (IFS)

The candidate must be a citizen of India.

• For other services, the candidate must be one of the following:

1. A citizen of India.

2. A citizen of Nepal or a subject of Bhutan.

3. A Tibetan refugee who settled permanently in India before 1 January 1962.

4. A person of Indian origin who has migrated from Pakistan, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Vietnam with the intention of permanently settling in India.

Educational qualification:- 

All candidates must have as a minimum one of the following educational qualifications:

• A degree from a Central, State or a Deemed university.

• A degree received through correspondence or distance education.

• A degree from an open university

• A qualification recognized by the Government of India is considered equivalent to one of the above.       

Age Limitation :-

The candidate must have attained the age of 21 years and must not have attained the age of 32 years (for the Unreserved category candidate) on 1 August of the year of examination. The prescribed age limits vary with respect to caste reservations.

For Other Backward Castes (OBC) the upper age limit is 35 years.

For Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST), the limit is 37 years.

For Defence Services Personnel disabled in operations during hostilities, the limit is 40 years.

For Candidates belonging to ex-servicemen including Commissioned officers and ECOs/SSCOs who have rendered military services for at least five years as of 1 August, of the year and have been released

Relaxation of up to a maximum of five years will be given in the case of ECOs/SSCOs who have completed an initial period of assignment of five years of Military Service as of 1 August of the year and whose assignment has been extended beyond five years and in whose case the Ministry of Defence issues a certificate that they can apply for civil employment and that they will be released on three months' notice on selection from the date of receipt of an offer of appointment, the limit is 32 years.

For ECOs/SSCOs who have completed an initial period of assignment of five years of Military Service, the limit is 32 years.

For PwD candidates, the limit is 37 years.

For Domiciles of Jammu and Kashmir from 1 January 1980 to 31 December 1989, the limit is 32 years.

For the Economically Weaker Section (EWS) category, the standard age limits apply.

How can we fill UPSC form?

1. Visit the UPSC website link - www.upsconline.nc.in

2. Click on the exam notification tab

3. Click on apply online.

4. Click on the link Civil services Part-1 registration 

5.Read the instructions very carefully and then click on 'Yes'.

 

To get details about UPSC, please log in to the website given here

UPSC Exam

UPSC stands for the Union Public Service Commission, which is the premier central recruiting agency of the Government of India. It is responsible for conducting various civil service examinations, including the Civil Services Examination, Indian Forest Service Examination, Engineering Services Examination, and Combined Defence Services Examination.

The Civil Services Examination is the most popular and prestigious examination conducted by UPSC, and it is used to select candidates for the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Indian Police Service (IPS), Indian Foreign Service (IFS), and other central services.

The UPSC examination process consists of three stages: Preliminary Examination, Main Examination, and Interview. Candidates who clear all three stages of the examination are selected for the respective services.

The UPSC is responsible for ensuring fair and transparent recruitment of candidates for various government services. It also advises the government on matters related to personnel management, recruitment, promotion, and disciplinary matters.

Overall, UPSC plays a critical role in the recruitment and management of top-level officials in the Indian government and has a significant impact on the governance and development of the country.

 

                             Beauty - A momentary phase

Beauty - A Momentary phase

      Beauty is an achieved State of both the spontaneous reaction and the vision we focus on. It's also a state of position which is not at all preserved but the moment we see our imagination starts expanding. It functions as a medicine that cures our depressed mind and makes us feel diagnostic. For example,flower blooms to hold its beauty and makes its surroundings attractive towards it. Beauty is short-lived but the praiseworthy words made on the object's beauty are permanent. 

What is Beauty?

Beauty is a subjective and complex concept that has been explored and debated by various fields, including philosophy, art, and psychology. At its core, beauty refers to the quality of being visually or aesthetically pleasing to the senses or the mind.

Beauty can be found in many different forms, including nature, art, music, literature, architecture, and even human beings. It can evoke positive emotions such as joy, awe, or admiration, and can have a profound impact on our mood, behavior, and sense of well-being.

The perception of beauty is subjective and can vary from person to person. It can be influenced by cultural, social, and personal factors, such as one's upbringing, experiences, and values. What one person considers beautiful may not be the same for another person.

Overall, beauty is a complex and multifaceted concept that continues to inspire and challenge our understanding of the world around us. While it can be difficult to define or quantify, its impact on our lives is undeniable

Relation of beauty between what we love to see and our spontaneous reaction after looking at it :-

        Beauty is the conversation between what we love to see and our reaction after looking at it. Meanwhile it is a struggle to bring a close attention on the vision. Sometimes a spontaneous reaction comes out from inside without any word when our attention has been grassed by beauty.  This is the spacious imaginative home we make where all kinds of negative farewell to look for beauty is to see for incubating and questionable love for mankind and also for bio-diversity exercise any kind of related to its surroundings.

Symbolic relation of Beauty

             Beauty creates an iconography to type others only to continue it's tenure or attractiveness above all it can bath you and bring you into the light show that you can look into a new beginning to make everything chef full in this sense it can be said that beauty as a symbolic relief because any kind of problems or negativity. What can be beautified is something that seeks to get lost to each being, the essence of morning creates and image which is as beautiful as it is more than the words. It always touches the centre of our mind. Beauty is what compels us to stare at for a long time.

Subjective beauty 

Subjective Beauty 

Subjective beauty refers to the idea that beauty is in the eye of the beholder and that it is a matter of personal perception and opinion. Different people have different ideas of what is beautiful and what is not, based on their cultural background, personal experiences, and individual preferences.

What one person considers beautiful may not be the same for another person. For example, some people may find a sunset over the ocean to be incredibly beautiful, while others may find the intricate design of a spider's web to be equally captivating.

The concept of subjective beauty has been explored in various fields such as art, philosophy, and psychology. It suggests that there is no objective standard for what is beautiful, and that the perception of beauty is entirely dependent on individual experience and interpretation.

Overall, subjective beauty highlights the importance of embracing diversity and recognizing that there are no fixed rules when it comes to what is beautiful. It encourages us to appreciate and respect different perspectives and to celebrate the unique ways in which individuals see and interpret the world around them.

Objective beauty 

Objective beauty refers to the idea that beauty is an inherent quality that can be objectively observed and measured. In this view, there are universal standards or criteria that can be used to evaluate the beauty of different objects, people, or phenomena.

Historically, many philosophers and artists have argued that certain qualities such as proportion, symmetry, harmony, and balance are objective markers of beauty. These qualities can be found in many different types of objects, from works of art to natural landscapes, and are thought to be universally appealing.

In some fields, such as mathematics or physics, there are objective standards for evaluating the beauty of concepts or theories. For example, some mathematicians consider elegance, simplicity, and coherence to be objective measures of beauty in mathematical proofs.

However, the idea of objective beauty has been criticized for its limited scope and potential to reinforce certain cultural or social norms. Critics argue that what is considered beautiful is often shaped by cultural and historical contexts, and that there is no universal standard for evaluating beauty.

Overall, the concept of objective beauty remains a topic of debate and exploration in various fields. While some argue that there are objective qualities that define beauty, others emphasize the importance of subjective perception and personal interpretation

Impression falls upon us after looking at beautiful things

Our spontaneous reaction becomes and outer response of the beauty of the things. When you go to the museum, we see many beautiful objects. The perfection of all the materials in an object makes mix the object as beautiful as our spontaneous reaction towards the object. When we look at the beauty of the object, we do not find any reason behind our spontaneous reaction. When you go on a travel we see the natural beauty and that beauty is not permanent rather temporary. But there are thousands of people who come to see the natural beauty that remains for a short span of time. Beauty cannot be a longer observation in a living being but it can be permanent in an object. That is why there is a famous quote of John Keats (From "Ode on a Greacian Urn"):-

   "Truth is Beauty, truth beauty."

Importance of Beauty 

Beauty holds significant importance in various aspects of human life, both individually and collectively. Here are some key points that highlight the importance of beauty:

Personal well-being: Beauty can contribute to an individual's sense of well-being and self-esteem. When people feel good about their physical appearance, it can boost their self-confidence and self-worth, which can positively impact their mental and emotional health. Taking care of one's appearance and grooming can help individuals feel more confident and comfortable in their own skin, leading to better self-care and self-expression.

Social interactions: Beauty can influence social interactions, as physical appearance often plays a role in how people perceive and interact with others. People who are perceived as attractive may experience certain social advantages, such as increased attention, positive feedback, and opportunities in various social settings. Beauty can also influence interpersonal relationships, including romantic relationships and friendships, as it can impact initial impressions and perceptions.

Cultural and societal norms: Beauty has cultural and societal significance, as it is often shaped by societal norms and standards of attractiveness. Beauty ideals vary across cultures and time periods, and they can reflect cultural values, beliefs, and standards of aesthetics. In some societies, certain beauty standards are highly valued and may impact various aspects of life, such as career opportunities, marriage prospects, and social status.

Creative expression: Beauty is often associated with artistic expression and creativity. Art, literature, music, and other forms of creative expression often seek to capture and convey beauty in different ways. Beauty can inspire creativity and evoke emotions, and it is often appreciated for its aesthetic appeal and ability to invoke a sense of awe and wonder.

Economic and commercial significance: Beauty also has economic and commercial significance. The beauty industry, including cosmetics, skincare, fashion, and personal care products, is a multi-billion-dollar global industry. The pursuit of beauty can drive consumer behavior, and the beauty industry provides employment and economic opportunities in various sectors.

Environmental conservation: Beauty is also tied to the appreciation and conservation of nature and the environment. Many people find beauty in natural landscapes, wildlife, and ecological diversity, which can inspire efforts to protect and conserve the environment for future generations.

In conclusion, beauty has multifaceted importance in human life, encompassing personal well-being, social interactions, cultural norms, creative expression, economic significance, and environmental conservation. It is a subjective and complex concept that influences various aspects of human behavior and society.

Detailed information About West Bengal

State names of West Bengal 

West Bengal is a state in India that is divided into 23 districts. The districts of West Bengal are:

 1) Alipurduar

 2) Bankura

 3) Birbhum

 4) Cooch Behar

 5) Dakshin Dinajpur (South Dinajpur)

 6) Darjeeling

 7) Hooghly

 8) Howrah

 9) Jalpaiguri

 10) Jhargram

 11) Kalimpong

 12) Kolkata

 13) Malda

 14) Murshidabad

 15) Nadia

 16) North 24 Parganas

 17) Paschim Bardhaman (West Bardhaman)

 18) Paschim Medinipur (West Medinipur)

 19) Purba Bardhaman (East Bardhaman)

 20) Purba Medinipur (East Medinipur)

 21) Purulia

 22) South 24 Parganas

 23) Uttar Dinajpur (North Dinajpur)

These districts are further divided into sub-divisions, blocks, and gram panchayats for administrative purposes.

About West Bengal

West Bengal is a state located in the eastern region of India. It is the fourth-most populous state in India, with Kolkata (formerly known as Calcutta) as its capital and largest city. West Bengal shares borders with five other Indian states, namely Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, Sikkim, and Assam, as well as an international border with Bangladesh.

West Bengal has a rich history and culture. It was ruled by various dynasties and empires throughout history, including the Mauryans, Guptas, Palas, and Senas. The region was also an important center of trade and commerce during ancient and medieval times. In the 18th and 19th centuries, West Bengal came under British rule as part of British India, and Kolkata served as the capital of British India until 1911.

One of the major contributions of West Bengal to the Indian freedom struggle was the pivotal role it played during the independence movement. Several prominent freedom fighters, such as Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, Rabindranath Tagore, and Swami Vivekananda, hailed from West Bengal and played key roles in India's struggle for independence.

West Bengal is known for its diverse cultural heritage, including music, dance, literature, theater, and festivals. Bengali, the official language of the state, is one of the most widely spoken languages in India. Durga Puja, a Hindu festival celebrating the worship of the goddess Durga, is the biggest and most popular festival in West Bengal, drawing millions of visitors from all over the world.

The economy of West Bengal is diverse, with agriculture, manufacturing, and services sectors being the major contributors. The state is known for its tea production, and Kolkata serves as a major hub for trade and commerce in eastern India. West Bengal is also home to several industrial towns and cities, including Durgapur, Asansol, and Haldia.

In recent times, West Bengal has witnessed significant political developments and has been known for its vibrant political scene. The state has a multi-party system, with the All India Trinamool Congress (AITC) currently in power. West Bengal has also been known for its cultural and artistic contributions, including literature, music, films, and fine arts.

Overall, West Bengal is a state with a rich cultural heritage, a history of political and social movements, and a diverse economy.

👉 West Bengal was established on 26th January, 1950. Kolkata is the largest city and the capital of West Bengal. 

👉 The first CM of West Bengal is Profulla Chandra Ghosh. Mamata Banerjee, and Keshari Nath Tripathi are the present CM and the present governor of West Bengal. The official language of West Bengal is Bengali and Co-official Language is English.

👉 The East state Assam, the west States Bihar and Jharkhand, the North State Sikkim have situated on the border of West Bengal.

👉  The State Animal= The Fishing Cat

    The State Bird    =    The White-throated King Fisher

     The State Flower = The Night-flowering Jasmine

       The State Tree  =  Devil Tree

👉 

West Bengal 

Famous food items in West Bengal 

West Bengal, a state located in the eastern part of India, is known for its diverse culinary heritage and has a rich tradition of unique and delicious food. Some of the famous food items from West Bengal are:

 1) Rosogolla: 

Rosogolla, also known as Rasgulla, is a popular Bengali dessert made of soft and spongy cheese balls soaked in a sugar syrup. It is a quintessential Bengali sweet and is widely loved and enjoyed by people of all ages.

 2) Fish curry: 

Being a state with a long coastline, West Bengal is known for its love for fish. Fish curry, locally known as "Maachher Jhol," is a staple dish in Bengali cuisine. It is typically made with fresh fish, cooked in a tomato and mustard seed-based curry, and is enjoyed with rice or roti (Indian bread).

 3) Luchi and Alur Torkari:

 Luchi is a deep-fried, puffy bread made of refined flour, and Alur Torkari is a potato curry cooked with spices. This combination is a popular and indulgent breakfast or brunch option in West Bengal, especially during festive occasions.

 4) Kolkata Kathi Roll: 

Kolkata Kathi Roll, often simply referred to as "Kathi Roll," is a popular street food that originated in Kolkata, the capital city of West Bengal. It typically consists of a skewer-roasted kebab wrapped in a paratha (layered flatbread) and is often filled with marinated and spiced meat, such as chicken, mutton, or paneer (cottage cheese), along with onions, chutneys, and spices.

 5) Shukto: 

Shukto is a traditional Bengali dish that is a unique combination of bitter and sweet flavors. It is a vegetable stew made with a variety of vegetables like bitter gourd, raw banana, sweet potato, and drumsticks, cooked in a mustard and poppy seed-based sauce. It is often served as a starter or a side dish in Bengali meals.

 6) Sandesh: 

Sandesh is a popular Bengali dessert made with fresh paneer (cottage cheese) and flavored with cardamom, saffron, and other aromatic spices. It is often garnished with slivers of pistachios or almonds and is known for its delicate texture and subtle sweetness.

 7) Bhapa Ilish: 

Bhapa Ilish, also known as Steamed Hilsa, is a traditional Bengali dish made with Hilsa fish, a prized fish known for its rich flavor. The fish is marinated with mustard paste, coconut, and spices, and then steamed to perfection. It is a delicacy that is often enjoyed during special occasions and festivals in West Bengal.

These are just a few examples of the famous food items from West Bengal. The cuisine of West Bengal is diverse and has a wide range of vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes that are loved for their unique flavors and culinary techniques.

Economy of West Bengal 

The economy of West Bengal, a state located in the eastern part of India, is diverse and multifaceted, with agriculture, manufacturing, services, and other sectors contributing to its growth. Here are some key aspects of the economy of West Bengal:

 1) Agriculture: 

Agriculture is an important sector in West Bengal, employing a significant portion of the state's population. Rice is the primary crop grown in West Bengal, with other crops like jute, tea, oilseeds, pulses, and vegetables also being cultivated. The state has a favorable agro-climatic condition and abundant water resources, which support agricultural activities.

 2) Manufacturing: 

West Bengal has a significant manufacturing base, with industries such as textiles, jute, leather, chemicals, engineering, steel, and automobiles being prominent. The state has several industrial clusters, including Kolkata, Howrah, Haldia, Durgapur, and Asansol, which contribute to its industrial growth.

 3) Services: 

The services sector plays a crucial role in West Bengal's economy, with sectors like information technology (IT), information technology-enabled services (ITES), financial services, tourism, and hospitality being significant contributors. Kolkata, the capital city of West Bengal, is a major hub for IT and ITES companies, with many national and international firms having their operations in the city.

 4) Handicrafts and Handlooms: 

West Bengal has a rich tradition of handicrafts and handlooms, with skilled artisans creating exquisite products such as terracotta items, pottery, silk sarees, kantha embroidery, and jute products. These products have a significant demand in domestic and international markets, contributing to the state's economy.

 5) Infrastructure: 

West Bengal has been focusing on infrastructure development to support its economic growth. The state has several ports, including the Kolkata Port, which is one of the oldest and busiest ports in India. West Bengal also has a well-connected road and rail network, and the state government has been investing in developing industrial parks, special economic zones (SEZs), and other infrastructure facilities to attract investments and promote economic development.

 6) Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs):

 MSMEs play a crucial role in West Bengal's economy, contributing to employment generation and income creation. The state government has been taking various initiatives to promote MSMEs, including providing financial assistance, infrastructure support, and skill development programs to boost entrepreneurship and support the growth of small businesses.

 7) Social Sectors: 

The government of West Bengal has also been focusing on social sectors such as education, healthcare, and rural development. The state has made significant progress in increasing literacy rates, improving healthcare facilities, and implementing social welfare programs to uplift marginalized sections of society, which contributes to the overall well-being and human development index of the state.

In recent years, West Bengal has been striving to attract investments, promote industrialization, and develop its infrastructure to accelerate economic growth. However, like any other state, it faces challenges such as unemployment, infrastructure gaps, and regional disparities, which require continuous efforts and policy interventions to address and sustain economic growth.

Unemployment of West Bengal 

Unemployment is a significant challenge faced by West Bengal, like many other states in India. The state has been grappling with the issue of unemployment, and various factors contribute to the high unemployment rate in the state. Here are some key points related to unemployment in West Bengal:

 1) Population growth: 

West Bengal has a high population density, and the population has been steadily growing over the years. The large population puts pressure on the job market, leading to increased competition for limited job opportunities.

 2) Industrial stagnation: 

While West Bengal has a significant manufacturing base, with industries such as textiles, jute, leather, chemicals, engineering, steel, and automobiles, the state has faced industrial stagnation in recent years. Many industries have been facing challenges, including lack of modernization, low productivity, labor issues, and policy constraints, which have affected job creation in the state.

 3) Informal sector dominance:

 The informal sector, including unorganized and informal jobs, is prevalent in West Bengal's economy. Many people work in small and unorganized sectors, such as agriculture, construction, and small businesses, which often lack job security, social security benefits, and regular income. This leads to underemployment and disguised unemployment, where people are engaged in low-productivity and low-paying jobs.

 4) Skill gap: 

There is a gap between the skills possessed by job seekers and the skills required by the job market in West Bengal. Many industries require skilled labor, and there is a need to bridge the gap between the skills available and the skills demanded in the job market. Skill development initiatives and vocational training programs need to be strengthened to equip the workforce with relevant skills.

 5) Education and training: 

Despite progress in increasing literacy rates, there is a need for improvement in the quality of education and vocational training in West Bengal. Many job seekers lack the necessary education and training required for employment in modern industries, resulting in limited job opportunities.

 6) Limited private sector investment: 

West Bengal has been working towards attracting private sector investments to promote industrialization and create job opportunities. However, the state has faced challenges in attracting significant private sector investments, which could lead to the creation of more jobs. Factors such as infrastructure gaps, policy constraints, and labor issues have impacted private sector investments in the state.

 7) Rural-urban divide: 

There is a rural-urban divide in West Bengal, with many rural areas facing limited job opportunities and inadequate infrastructure for economic activities. This has led to migration from rural areas to urban areas in search of better job prospects, resulting in increased competition for jobs in urban areas.

The government of West Bengal has been taking various initiatives to address the issue of unemployment, including promoting investments, improving the quality of education and skill development programs, and promoting entrepreneurship and MSMEs. However, addressing unemployment requires sustained efforts, policy interventions, and collaborations between the government, private sector, and other stakeholders to create more job opportunities and promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth.